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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:maroon'>MIT Program in Science, Technology, and Society<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#943634'>Colloquium <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#002060'>Beams and Emanations: Radioisotopes as Medical Tools in the Atomic Age<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#002060'>Angela N. H. Creager, Princeton University<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Abstract:<span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class=para style='text-indent:0in;line-height:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Clinical uses of radioisotopes after World War II opened up new opportunities for human experimentation, in which the boundaries between laboratory research, therapy, and medical diagnosis were highly permeable. This chapter of my book examines how the new availability of radioisotopes from a former Manhattan Project reactor and the Atomic Energy Commission’s support for research on their biomedical uses shaped the emergence of nuclear medicine in the 1950s. In addition, the military’s interest in the biological and cognitive effects of radiation and fissionable elements (such as uranium) meant that some cancer patients receiving experimental therapy were simultaneously subjects of defense research. Developments in radiotherapy and diagnostics during this period widened the gulf, particularly in dosage, between therapeutic uses and tracer uses of radioisotopes, the former in radiation sources of unprecedented strength (“beams”), the latter for shorter-lived and lower-energy radioisotopes (“emanations”) that could be considered safe for routine tests. Particularly in the area of diagnostics, one can also see how the medical establishment sought to respond to both the public concern and new scientific evidence about the hazards of low-level radiation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=para style='text-indent:0in;line-height:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>*****</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Please note that </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>we have changed our format for colloquia in STS this semester: Speakers will share precirculated papers, and we will have a commenter to help lead discussion. If you would like to have an emailed PDF of Professor Creager’s paper, please contact Bianca Sinausky, <a href="mailto:singleta@mit.edu">singleta@mit.edu</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=para style='text-indent:0in;line-height:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Monday, September 26, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>4pm<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Located at MIT Building E51-095<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>