<HTML><BODY style="word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; -khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><DIV>Hi,</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>This involves a long thread that compares AFP, SMB, NFS v3, kerberized NFS v3, NFS v4, AFS and XSan. The thing to remember is that there is no single solution to all the problems in file-system space, but there are a lot of options and almost all of them are available on the Mac.</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Responses are bellow...</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">On Sep 28, 2006, at 2:53 PM, Douglas Alan wrote:</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> Does anyone know if there is a filesystem virtualization solution for</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> Apple's AFP filesharing protocol?</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">What problem are you trying to solve? That would help us when trying to</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">suggest solutions.</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE><BR><DIV>This is the right approach. What are you trying to solve? Are you creating centralized storage or are you trying to glue together disparate storage?</DIV><DIV>A centralized storage option, like XSan, can provide growable storage (with no down time) and can present this storage via AFP, SMB, NFS,....</DIV><DIV>to a cross-platform set of clients, and thereby solve the main problem mentioned bellow: growing and moving the storage around without the user noticing or needing to re-configure.</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Another option to look into, for AFP, is AFP re-sharing NFS. You could create your entire structure the same way you already do within NFS mounts and then reshare any NFS mount using Mac OS X Server. You could do this on multiple servers for fault-tolerance as well.</DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> Flexible, expandable, shared storage for a growing research lab.</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>This usually means that the lab's research data is growing exponentially, not the complexity of its organization. The answer is a storage area network like XSan which can hold petabytes of data, grow dynamically (just throw more disks at it) and provide high-speed access and bandwidth control to the storage.</DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>I also have some questions about these imminent fileshares, and how to</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>best organize them. I'm a Unix expert, but I'm a Mac expert only to</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>the extent that OS X has Unix hidden underneath its skin, so I'm</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>looking for some guidance on how to best handle things in this</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>not-quite-traditional-Unix world.</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Just jump into it. Mac OS X 10.4 is unix-based, and Leopard actually has the UNIX SUSv3 cert, so it IS UNIX.</DIV><DIV>Most of the UNIX commands are the same but Apple adds commands and management tools, both GUI and command-line equivalents for all.</DIV><DIV>Disk Utility is diskutil in Terminal and can accomplish everything that the GUI version can. It then just becomes your preference: GUI or Terminal.</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>One of the biggest worries I have with shared filesystems is the issue</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>of having inflexible volumes. What always eventually happens is that</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>a volume fills up, or a server gets overloaded, and then you need to</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>add more disks or servers, and relocate directories from one volume to</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>another, or maybe even to a new server. If the paths to directories</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>change during this relocation, it typically breaks scripts and other</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>software that has already been configured to look for things in</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>specific places. The users also have to be notified and retrained to</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>look for the stuff in the new location. And even if you end up not</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>having to relocate directories, you often have to resort to putting</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>new directories on a new volume, while old directories remain on an</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>old volume, and then people have to look in multiple places to find</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>things. It's much better if all of this unpleasantness can be avoided.</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Again, if you do this on the SAN level, you will not come to an issue. The "network" file system also stays independent of the underlying disk file-system.</DIV><DIV>With XSan you can have a single volume that spans multiple storage pools, consisting of multiple, growable storage LUNs. You can even combine storage with different properties (super fast or super fault-tolerant) into a single volume via affinities.</DIV><DIV>This single volume can then be shared to any number of clients via multiple network file protocols (AFP, SMB, NFS).</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Leopard will feature a lot of improvements in performance of many of these and will include kerberized NFS v3 support.</DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>One solution to this sort of problem has lately been referred to as</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>"filesystem virtualization". AFS invented the idea long, long ago by</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>presenting all the AFS files in the entire world as one huge AFS</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>volume. With AFS sometimes the sysadmin has to move stuff around</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>between disks or servers, and then change some entries in some config</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>files somewhere, but all of this happens under the covers. To the</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>end-user the rearrangement of the data is all invisible.</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV>AFS is available on Mac OS X. It was also invented before centralized storage based on FibreChannel became mainstream and affordable (Apple had a lot to do with that, as you may see from the price lists).<DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>I hear that Microsoft has something similar to AFS called DFS that is</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>layered on top of CIFS, but I know next to nothing about either CIFS</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>or DFS. (I believe that DFS usually spans a department or enterprise,</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>rather than the entire world, but the idea is similar.) I also hear</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>that there are now NFS filesystem virtualization servers that</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>implement something similar for NFS too, but I haven't ever used such</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>a server.</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Yes this is what DFS tries to accomplish, the MS way. NFS does basically the same, but is available everywhere.</DIV><DIV>Currently, there is no support for DFS in the Mac OS X Tiger other than manually mounting specific shares within the DFS structure.</DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>Long before DFS or such NFS virtualization servers existed......</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><snip a lot><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>Also, I'm unclear as to how authentication works with AFP. With NFS</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>(i.e., unkerborized and prior to v4), there isn't any real</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>authentication, so everything works smoothly, if a bit insecurely.</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>AFP is authenticated and a user session. Ie, AFP volumes can not be mounted if no-one is logged on.</DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>With the more robust security that AFP presumably offers (does it?),</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV>Yes. NFS is not authenticated at all. NFS v3 with kerberos will be.</DIV><DIV>Also you can re-share NFS via AFP and thereby implement an additional user level of security on top of NFS.</DIV><DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>do we have to worry about kerberos tickets expiring and the like?</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV>AFP can be authenticated/authorized via Kerberos as well. The Kerberos credentials can come from MIT Kerberos or Active Directory or Open Directory.</DIV><DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>Will people have to manually mount all volumes via the Finder after</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>they log in?</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> Or can they somehow specify a list of volumes to be</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>automatically mounted?</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Yes you can set up a volume to be mounted automatically. On the simple side, just add the volume to the Login Items of the user (in System Preferences).</DIV><DIV>If the authentication system is not Kerberos, you can add the password to the user's keychain (where it is encrypted and secure) and the user will never have to type it.</DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> Will people have to log out and log back in</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>periodically to remain authenticated? </DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>AFP runs with users credentials, so the user has to be logged on in order to maintain the connection. AFP does have auto re-connect, so if you are disconnected or drop your network entirely, it will silently re-connect upon need.</DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Or will a dialog box pop-up</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>periodically reprompting them for their password?</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>This will only happen if the user tries to mount the AFP volume with an outdated password. If the user is logging in to the Login Window with kerberos credentials, all password policy will come from KDC. If the KDC says the user will need to change a password, it will display the dialog for it.</DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> If so, how does one</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>typically handle the issue of long-running programs that need to</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>proceed unattended, or jobs that run from cron?</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>They do not use AFP. NFS is a better option for this in most cases, because any process on the host mounting the share will have access to the share.</DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>One final concern of mine is how do fileserver-hosted home directories</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>typically work? We won't want fileserver-hosted homedirs right away,</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>but we probably also want to plan ahead for them. </DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Leopard will bring autofs to Mac OS X and make it on par with any other Linux based mounting system. The story will get significantly simpler then. Currently Mac OS X uses automountd for automounting and home directory creation. There are LOTS of manuals and precisely the information you need at:</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV><A href="http://www.apple.com/server/documentation/">http://www.apple.com/server/documentation/</A></DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">How and where do</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>they usually get mounted? </DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>/Network/Servers/</DIV><DIV>This can be either AFP, NFS or SMB. Each has slightly different behavior.</DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Do they just appear under "/Users"? </DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>No. The user's home directory will point to a /Network/Servers/whateveryourserveris/share</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Or do</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>they appear somewhere else? What about if you need to access someone</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>else's fileserver-hosted homedir? </DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>as long as it is automounted you could navigate to that share and the user's home folder. You will only have access to what the file permissions say you have access to. By default this is the "Public" and "Sites" folder within the user's home directory.</DIV><BR><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">How do you get to it and where does</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN>that appear in the filesystem?</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Click on the Home!</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV> or /Network/Servers/</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV>Mateja.</DIV><BR><DIV> <SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: auto; -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: none; text-indent: 0px; 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"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 254); font-family: Monaco; font-size: 10px; -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 254); font-family: Monaco; font-size: 10px; -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 254); font-family: Monaco; font-size: 10px; -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 254); font-family: Monaco; font-size: 10px; -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 254); font-family: Monaco; font-size: 10px; -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><A href="http://www.apple.com/education/technicalresources/">http://www.apple.com/education/technicalresources/</A></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></U></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"><FONT face="Verdana" size="2" style="font: 10.0px Verdana; 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